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The black-and-red flag symbolised an attempt to unite the spirit of later anarchism with the mass appeal of the International." [ Anarchism , p. 325fn] According to Abel Paz, anarchist historian and CNT militant in the 1930s, the 1st of May, 1931, was "the first time in history [that] the red and black flag flew over a CNT-FAI rally." This was the outcome of an important meeting of CNT militants and anarchist groups to plan the May Day demonstrations in Barcelona.